![]() ![]() Divide that difference by the number of contour lines between them, PLUS 1.Take the difference in elevation between 2 bold lines.The legend on the map will also tell you the contour interval. This difference between contour lines is called the contour interval. Two contour lines next to one another are separated by a constant difference in elevation (e.g.That would mean one place had two different elevations, which cannot happen. The contour lines run next to each other and NEVER cross one another.The bold contour lines are labeled with numerical elevations. Each contour line represents a specific elevation and connects all the places that are at the same elevation.Let's take a closer look at this (Figure 2.28). What makes a topographic map different from other maps? Contour lines help show various elevations.įigure 2.28: Topographic map of Swamp Canyon Trail portion of Bryce Canyon National Park.Ĭontour Lines and Intervals Ĭontour lines connect all the points on the map that have the same elevation. This type of map is called a topographic map (Figure 2.28). You need a special type of map to represent the elevations in an area. Where are the hills and valleys located? How high are the canyon walls? Which way will streams or rivers flow? But nothing on the map shows the height of the terrain. You see some markers for campsites, a picnic area, and a shuttle bus stop. You can see a green line which is the main road. Now look at the corresponding section of the Visitor's map (Figure 2.27). Figure 2.27: Portion of Bryce Canyon National Park road map. There are high and low points between the cliffs.įigure 2.26: View of Bryce Canyon National Park. The terrain clearly has many steep cliffs. You can see the rugged canyon walls and valley below. Look at this view of Bryce Canyon National Park, Utah (Figure 2.26). A topographic map will show you that the road bends to go around a hill or stops because that When you use a regular road map, you can see where the roads go, but a road map doesn't tell you why a road stops or bends. Contour lines are drawn on a topographic map to show the location of hills, mountains and valleys. Topographic maps use a special type of line, called a contour line, to show different elevations on a map. Topographic maps represent the locations of major geological features. Mapping is a crucial part of earth science. Explain how various earth scientists use topographic maps to study the Earth.Explain how to read and interpret a topographic map.Explain what information a topographic map contains.5 How Do Earth Scientists Use Topographic Maps?. ![]() Figure 9.7 Hachured contour lines indicate depressions. In the case of a depression, you instead subtract, because you're going down in elevation. Do the same when trying to determine the elevation of a hill top. For example, if a location point is between the 150 feet and 200 feet contour lines than the elevation is 175 feet (1/2 of 50 feet is 25 feet 25 feet added to 150=175 feet). ![]() For consistency, assume that elevations between contour lines are 1/2 a contour interval higher than elevation of the lower line. Interpolate between the contour lines that bracket the point to get the elevation. Determine whether the point is higher or lower than the known elevation by examining the sequence of adjacent contour line elevations and by taking note of nearby feature names, such as "fire tower," "valley," and so forth. Remember that every fifth contour line is a heavier index contour, but you may have to follow contour lines some distance before finding an elevation label. This may be a benchmark or a contour line. Find the known elevation closest to the point. Determine the contour interval for the map. To determine the elevation of a point on a topographic map: 1. ![]()
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![]() ![]() Unfortunately, these extremes won’t be quite as effective for runners because the energy systems required for optimal training are different between weight lifters and runners. Bodybuilders will often use severe carbohydrate and calorie restrictions on their “non-carb” days and load up on their “high carb” days. These cycles are usually a couple of days long and are usually based on the days in which you train. Simply speaking, carb-cycling is a process of alternating between lower carbohydrate, lower calorie days and higher carbohydrate, higher calorie days. ![]() By modifying the time-tested bodybuilding strategy of carb-cycling to the specific metabolic and training demands of runners, it’s possible to attain that delicate balance between weight loss and optimal performance. Perhaps we can look again to bodybuilders for an answer. So, what’s the solution if you’re a runner who wants to balance training hard and running well with losing weight? Being in a constant caloric deficit and not providing the muscles with the right type of fuel will leave you tired, struggling to recover, and will derail your performances. However, on the opposite spectrum, to train hard and recover quickly from difficult workouts, a runner must consume adequate calories and fuel with complex carbohydrates (and even simple carbohydrates at the right times). This is why low-carb diets are effective. To do so, not only do you have to measure portion sizes, but you have to control the quality of the foods you consume specifically, limiting your intake of simple carbohydrates. ![]() If you understand the basic principles of weight loss, you recognize that the most critical factor in weight loss is incurring a calorie deficit. Unfortunately, despite how it may seem, losing weight and training hard aren’t easy to do in conjunction. Whether it be for optimal performance, general health, or even the reason they started running in the first place, weight is a critical issue for runners. Losing or maintaining weight is usually a goal that ranks pretty high on a runner’s priority list. ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() Modify the function to take a refcursor as argument and instead execute the MOVE cursor statement directly which then makes ROW_COUNT available. The holy grail of PostgreSQL cursor record count methods we've all been waiting for. ![]() NOTE: The following examples do not reset the cursor position back to 0 as with the original example, allowing the function to be used with all cursor types especially NO SCROLL cursors which will reject backward movement by raising an error. This is not clearly stipulated in the PostgreSQL documentanion per se, but considering that MOVE does not produce any actual results it might make sense enough to be excused. GOTCHA: Using EXECUTE does not update the GET DIAGNOSTICS for MOVE while it does for FETCH, and neither statements will update the FOUND variable. As it turns out we can indeed retrieve ROW_COUNT diagnostics from a MOVE cursor statement. Yes it is possible to use MOVE instead of FETCH to count the records in a cursor, with slightly improved performance. Here is a solution proposal, how do you think I can improve it ? (and is it possible to use MOVE instead of FETCH to retrieve the x value ?) - Function returning the number of rows available in the cursorĬREATE FUNCTION get_cursor_size(_cursor_name TEXT)ĮXECUTE format('FETCH FORWARD ALL FROM %I', _cursor_name) ĮXECUTE format('MOVE ABSOLUTE 0 FROM %I', _cursor_name) GET DIAGNOSTICS := ROW_COUNT only works for FETCH but not MOVE. The result is a command tag written to stdout, and I do not know how to retrieve that value in a pgsql function. In that case, a MOVE FORWARD ALL FROM statement returns MOVE x. Since the rows represented by a held cursor are copied into a temporary file or memory area, I am wondering if it is possible to retrieve that number in a straightforward way or if the only solution is to fetch all the records to count them. I would like to retrieve the number of rows that can be fetched by the cursor. I switched from %I to %s, because the regclass parameter is automatically properly escaped when (automatically) converted to text.I have a cursor created using the WITH HOLD option that allows the cursor to be used for subsequent transactions. or go with the more elegant approach of using a regclass type:ĬREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION f_nocurs(_tbl regclass)ĮXECUTE format('UPDATE %s SET tbl_id = tbl_id + 1000', _tbl).either pass and escape them separately,.Answer for (ii)Ī schema-qualified table name like trace.myname actually consists of two identifiers. Or better, yet (if possible!): Rethink your problem in terms of set-based operations and execute a single (dynamic) SQL command: - Set-base dynamic SQLĬREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION f_nocurs(_tbl text)ĮXECUTE format('UPDATE %I SET tbl_id = tbl_id + 1000', _tbl) Use the implicit cursor of a FOR loop instead: CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION f_curs2(_tbl text)įOR _ctid IN EXECUTE 'SELECT ctid FROM ' || quote_ident(_tbl) FOR UPDATEĮXECUTE format('UPDATE %I SET tbl_id = tbl_id + 100 WHERE ctid = $1', _tbl) There is normally no need for explicit cursors in plpgsql. There is also a variant of the FOR statement to loop through cursors, but it only works for bound cursors. OPEN _curs FOR EXECUTE 'SELECT * FROM ' || quote_ident(_tbl) FOR UPDATE ĮXECUTE format('UPDATE %I SET tbl_id = tbl_id + 10 WHERE ctid = $1', _tbl) CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION f_curs1(_tbl text) Note that ctid is only guaranteed to be stable within the same transaction. I use the system column ctid instead to determine the row without knowing the name of a unique column. Hence, you cannot use the special syntax WHERE CURRENT OF cursor. Cursors are not visible inside the command. Explicit (unbound) cursorĮXECUTE is not a "clause", but a PL/pgSQL command to execute SQL strings. ![]()
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